by Melanie Goldfarb and John I. Lew

http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/33332.pdf

＞Chapter 7 Open AccessPapillary Thyroid Cancer in Childhood and Adolescence with Specific Consideration of Patients After Radiation Exposure

by Yuri Demidchik, Mikhail Fridman, Kurt Werner Schmid, Christoph Reiners, Johannes Biko and Svetlana Mankovskaya

http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/33333.pdf

＞Chapter 8　Thyroid Cancer in the Pediatric Population

by Silva Frieda, Nieves-Rivera Francisco and Laguna Reinaldo

http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/33334.pdf

The most important risk factor for DTC is a history of head and neck
radiation therapy or exposure (Harness, 1992). Radiation is a known risk factor for　developing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) (DeGroot & Paloyan, 1973; Sigurdson 1985)

＞考慮すべき、高線量被曝のもう一つのタイプは、１９８６年チェルノブイリ原発事故や２０１１年の日本で見られた、ベータ線外部被曝による二次的なものである。事故の結果、日本の臨床医は、今後３〜１０年間にわたって、小児甲状腺ガンの増加を経験するかもしれない。これらのガンは、圧倒的に乳頭ガン亜型で、異なったＲＥＴ／ＰＥＴ遺伝子再配列を有し、散発性の腫瘍とは幾分、異なる在り方を示す。

Another type of high dose exposure that should be　considered is external beta radiation seen secondarily from such nuclear accidents as　Chernobyl in 1986 and Japan in 2011. As a consequence, Japanese clinicians may see an
increase in the number of pediatric thyroid cancers in the next three to ten years. These　cancers are exclusively of the papillary subtype, have different RET/PTC rearrangements,　and behave somewhat differently than sporadic tumors (Demidchik et al, 2006; Dinauer etal, 2008; Pacini, 2002)

＞細胞診の結果が良性であっても、１７％は悪性であったという、一つの報告がある。

In one surgical series, benign FNA biopsy carried up to a 17% risk of
thyroid malignancy (Tee, 2007)

＞成人の場合、のう胞性甲状腺結節は、良性だと考えられているに対して、小児患者の場合は、違うことを示唆する証拠がある。

Whereas cystic thyroid nodules in adults are generally thought to be benign, there is some
evidence to suggest the same does not hold true in pediatric patients (Yastovich et al, 1998)

＞細胞診が良性、超音波検査でも良性、特筆すべき病歴、検査歴もなく、甲状腺手術を必要とする指標がない患者においても、甲状腺結節は、向こう５〜１０年間にわたって、超音波検査による観察経過を行う。

In patients with benign FNA results, benign ultrasound features, no worrisome aspect of the
history or physical exam, and no indication for surgical resection, thyroid nodules can be
safely monitored with serial ultrasound exams for the next three to five years