（ハ）ポツダム宣言、降伏文書等の用語 降伏に関する諸文書に於ける左の如き用語は日本の降伏が所謂無条件降伏に非ることを示すものである。 １、ポツダム宣言第五項 「吾等ノ条件ハ左ノ如シ」 (The following are our terms) ２、ポツダム宣言第十三項 「吾等ハ日本国政府ガ直ニ全日本国軍隊ノ無条件降伏ヲ宣言シ…」 (We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces…) ３、一九四五年八月十日帝国政府申入 「帝国政府…『ポツダム』…共同宣言ニ挙ケラレタル条件ヲ･･･受諾ス･･･」 ４、一九四五年八月十四日帝国政府通告 「天皇陛下ニ於カセラレテハ『ポツダム』宣言ノ条項受諾ニ関スル詔書ヲ発布セラレタリ」 ５、一九四五年九月二日詔書 （本詔書は連合国側の作成せしものなり） 「朕ハ･･･『ポツダム』･･･宣言ノ掲クル諸条項ヲ受諾シ･･･」 ６、降伏文書 （本詔書は連合国側の作成せしものなり） 「下名ハ･･･「ポツダム」･･･宣言ノ条項ヲ日本国天皇、日本国政府及日本帝国大本営ノ命ニ依リ且之ニ代リ受諾ス･･･」 「下名ハ茲ニ日本帝国大本営並ニ何レノ位置ニ在ルヲ問ハズ一切ノ日本国軍隊及日本国ノ支配下ニ在ル一切ノ軍隊ノ連合国ニ対スル無条件降伏ヲ布告ス」
創価学会が公明党をつくって政界に進出した時、大(おお)宅(や)壮(そう)一(いち)（1900-1970）は、「ファシズムの体質がある」と指摘した。また田中角栄は、当時の池田大作を名指しで、「法(ほ)華(け)経(きよう)を唱えるヒトラーだ」と言い切り、公明党を操る創価学会の体質を喝(かつ)破(ぱ)find outした。 現に池田大作は、1972年の社長会の席上で、「今の世の中は個人主義と自由主義だが、本当は、全体主義がいちばん理想の形態だ」と発言している。そして、その頃から「天下取り」rule over the whole of Japanを目指す創価学会の活動が始まったのである。 こうして、池田の野望と独善により、創価学会は信仰を逸脱してカルト性を強め、今では日(にち)蓮(れん)正(しよう)宗(しゆう)からも破門（1990）され、池田教に成り果てている。そして、「天下取り」という妄執に取り付かれ、「総体革命」の道に踏み込んでしまった。 「総体革命」は「天下取り」のための布石milestoneである。今や創価学会は、官庁や有力組織の内部に浸透し、拠点baseをつくり、幹部会員をネットワーク化し、“いざ鎌倉”the time of uprisingの時に備えている。 「総体革命」の最優先ターゲットfirst priority targetは、法務省と外務省であり、検事prosecutorになった会員は、すでに100人に達している。在外公館職員の4分の1は学会員であり、自民党員の3分の1も命綱を握られている。その下に、社会の下層を構成する伝統集団traditional groupsが位置し、芸能界や自衛隊にも隠れ会員invisible memberがいて、組織力はあらゆる業界に広がっているのだ。 これら代表的な集団には、次のようなものがある。 「大鳳会」外交官の学会員グループ 「旭日グループ」弁護士と検事の学会員グループ 「草峰グループ」理容師の学会員グループ 「白樺グループ」看護婦の学会員グループ 「白雲会」調理士の学会員グループ 「金城会」ボディーガードの学会員グループ 「鉄人会」建設と大工関係の学会員グループ 「牙城会」警備関係の学会員グループ 「ブロンズ会」国家試験合格の学会員グループ こうした組織力organizingと機動性mobilityの高さは、今や自民党を圧倒しており、絶対服従（Ikeda is the law.）の堅固な統一機構を誇っており、「天下取り」の命令を待ち構えている。 評論家の藤(ふじ)原(わら)弘(ひろ)達(たつ)（1921-1999）が書いた『創価学会を斬る』（日新報道1969)には、次のような記述がある。
この藤原の予言predictionは、ほぼ的中したと言わざるを得ない。 歴史を鑑にして現在の状況を見れば、従来は「突撃隊」を中心に動いた大衆運動mass movementが、エリートによる「親衛隊」を主役にしたものへと転化している。エリートは、主に法務省と外務省を中心に構成され、特に際立っているのが法務官僚への支配力だろう。高検検事のうちで15名が学会員だという。そして、検察が汚職議員を監視watchingする“威力”の前で、利権で汚れた自民党の族議員LDP members working for the special interestsは怯えているという。そして、それが、自民党LDPが公明党New Komeitoに追従suck aroundする理由とも聞く。 検察の国家権力を使った暴虐行為については、「ムネオ事件」（2002）で逮捕された佐(さ)藤(とう)優(まさる)・元外務省ロシア情報分析官が、著書『国家の罠』（新潮社 2005）の中で暴露している。それによると、検察官は「これは国策捜査なんだ。あなたが捕まった理由は簡単。あなたと鈴木宗男を繋げる事件を作るため、国策捜査は時代のけじめをつけるために必要なんです。時代を転換するために、何か象徴的な事件を作り出してそれを断罪する」と佐藤に語っている。 とすれば、もし学会が検察権力を握った時、何が起こるかは言うまでもあるまい。
間違いなく日本のデモクラシー は壊れる
小泉改革の政治手法は、すべてを白か黒かで分ける「二分法」two-category systemである。ここには、改革派か反対派しか存在しない。つまり、「敵か味方か」with or againstだけである。 これは、池田大作の考え方とまったく同じである。池田に側近として長らく仕えた原(はら)島(しま)嵩(たかし)・元創価学会教学部長は、「創価学会は常に敵をつくらなければ、結束を維持できない組織です」という指摘をしている。つまり、小泉も池田も「魔女狩り」witch-huntをするということである。 しかも、このような現代版の「魔女狩り」は、IT技術が発達した情報化時代では、複雑怪奇な様相を見せている。つまり、個人情報personal dataが国際的な利権になり、多重債務で行方不明になった人の戸籍がサラ金業者loan-sharkを通じて市場に流れ、日本人の国籍が国外で売買されている。それによって、日本人に成りすました人物が地方議員の中にもかなりいると言われているのだ。 また、ヤフーBBの450万人個人情報流出事件は、宮(みや)本(もと)顕(けん)治(じ)共産党委員長電話盗聴事件の主犯で創価学会の全国副男子部長だった竹(たけ)岡(おか)誠(せい)治(じ)容疑者が、関与していた。 『月刊・現代』（2005年7月号）で、「宗教に権力が屈するとき」と題して、ジャーナリストの魚(うお)住(ずみ)明(あきら)と前参議院議員の平(ひら)野(の)貞(さだ)夫(お)が対談している。この中で、平野は、次のような恐ろしい指摘をしている。
しかし勝った米国の、8月14日のニューヨークタイムズ記事では「Japan Surrenders, End of War! 」って書いていて、「End of War! 」、終戦って言葉を使っています。まあ、見出し全体や記事本文では自分たちが勝ったとは言っているのですが、「勝つには勝ったが、終わってよかったよ」って感じが「End of War! 」のところににじみ出ています。国民や読者の声を率直に代弁したのでしょう。
勝ってる米国でさえ「End of War! 」と喜んでいるのに、我々日本人が「戦争が終わった＝終戦」と喜ぶ事に何の罪やある。
As a citizen of the United States of America I want to express to you tonight my sorrow and regret for the pain and sufferring caused by the cruel and unneccessary atomic bombing of your cities. I belive it was wrong; morally wrong. Just as wrong as the holocaust. It was a crime not just against history but against humanity. I walked in the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and photographed the children, the women, the elderly, the mutilated and disfigured. The victims who suffered and died like no other people in the history of the world. Now, fifty years later I pledge to you that I will not forget waht I saw. We owe it to those who died to keep their memory alive. Give their tragic deaths honor by remembering them. Let them teach us how to respect life. For them I will continue to speak out and tell the world what it was like in Japan, 1945. My exhibit will continue to be seen for we cannot, we must not, let any one country become the victim or attacher again. No more Hiroshimas! No more Pearl Harbors! No more Nagasakis! NO MORE! For peace is the future and without peace there will be no future.
Japan Told to Order End of Hostilities, Notify Allied Supreme Commander and Send Emissaries to Him
MacArthur To Receive Surrender
Formal Proclamation of V-J Day Awaits Signing of Those Articles -- Cease-Fire Order Given to the Allied Forces
By ARTHUR KROCK
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES
RELATED HEADLINES
All City 'Lets Go': Hundreds of Thousands Roar Joy After Victory Flash Is Received: Times Sq. Is Jammed: Police Estimate Crowd in Area at 2,000,000 -- Din Overwhelming
Terms Will Reduce Japan to Kingdom Perry Visited
Hirohito on Radio; Minister Ends Life
Two-Day Holiday Is Proclaimed; Stores, Banks Close Here Today
MacArthur Begins Orders to Hirohito
OTHER HEADLINES
Our Manpower Curbs Voided: Hiring Made Local: Communities, Labor and Management Will Unite Efforts: 6,000,000 Affected: Draft Quotas Cut, Services to Drop 5,500,000 in 18 Months
Third Fleet Fells 5 Planes Since End
Secrets of Radar Given to World
Petain Convicted, Sentenced to Die: Jurors Recommend Clemency Because of His Age -- Long Indictment Upheld
Treaty With China Signed in Moscow: Complete Agreement Reached With Chungking on All Points at Issue, Russians Say
Cruiser Sunk, 1,196 Casualties; Took Atom Bomb Cargo to Guam
Washington, Aug. 14 -- Japan today unconditionally surrendered the hemispheric empire taken by force and held almost intact for more than two years against the rising power of the United States and its Allies in the Pacific war.
The bloody dream of the Japanese military caste vanished in the text of a note to the Four Powers accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945, which amplified the Cairo Declaration of 1943.
Like the previous items in the surrender correspondence, today's Japanese document was forwarded through the Swiss Foreign Office at Berne and the Swiss Legation in Washington. The note of total capitulation was delivered to the State Department by the Legation Charge d'Affaires at 6:10 P. M., after the third and most anxious day of waiting on Tokyo, the anxiety intensified by several premature or false reports of the finale of World War II.
Orders Given to the Japanese
The Department responded with a note to Tokyo through the same channel, ordering the immediate end of hostilities by the Japanese, requiring that the Supreme Allied Commander- who, the President announced, will be Gen. Douglas MacArthur- be notified of the date and hour of the order, and instructing that emissaries of Japan be sent to him at once- at the time and place selected by him- "with full information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders."
President Truman summoned a special press conference in the Executive offices at 7 P.M. He handed to the reporters three texts.
The first- the only one he read aloud- was that he had received the Japanese note and deemed it full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, containing no qualification whatsoever; that arrangements for the formal signing of the peace would be made for the "earliest possible moment;" that the Japanese surrender would be made to General MacArthur in his capacity as Supreme Allied Commander in Chief; that Allied military commanders had been instructed to cease hostilities, but that the formal proclamation of V. J. Day must await the formal signing.
The text ended with the Japanese note in which the Four Powers (the United States, Great Britain, China, and Russia) were officially informed that the Emperor of Japan had issued an imperial rescript of surrender, was prepared to guarantee the necessary signatures to the terms as prescribed by the Allies, and had instructed all his commanders to cease active operations to surrender all arms and to disband all forces under their control and within their reach.
The President's second announcement was that he had instructed the Selective Service to reduce the monthly military draft from 80,000 to 50,000 men, permitting a constant flow of replacements for the occupation forces and other necessary military units, with the draft held to low-age groups and first discharges given on the basis of long, arduous and faithful war service. He said he hoped to release 5,000,000 to 5,500,000 men in the subsequent year or eighteen months, the ratio governed in some degree by transportation facilities and the world situation.
The President's final announcement was to decree holidays tomorrow and Thursday for all Federal workers, who, he said, were the "hardest working and perhaps the least appreciated" by the public of all who had helped to wage the war.
Mr. Truman spoke calmly to the reporters, but when he had finished reading his face broke into a smile. Also present were Secretary of State James F. Byrnes and Admiral William D. Leahy, the President's personal Chief of Staff, and two other members of the Cabinet- Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Commerce, and James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy- managed to respond to a hurry call in time to be there. The agreement to issue the statements simultaneously in all the Allied capitals, and the brief period between the call to the Cabinet and the announcement, were responsible. Later the chief war administrators and Cordell Hull, former Secretary of State, arrived to congratulate the President.
President Addresses Crowd
After the press conference, while usually bored Washington launched upon a noisy victory demonstration, the President with Mrs. Truman walked out to the fountain in the White House grounds that face on Pennsylvania Avenue and made the V sign to the shouting crowds.
But this did not satisfy the growing assemblage, or probably the President either, for, in response to clamor, he came back and made a speech from the north portico, in which he said that the present emergency was as great as that of Pearl Harbor Day and must and would be met in the same spirit. Later in the evening he appeared to the crowds and spoke again.
He then returned to the executive mansion to begin work, at once on problems of peace, including domestic ones affecting reconversion, unemployment, wage-and-hour scales and industrial cut-backs, which are more complex and difficult than any he has faced and call for plans and measures that were necessarily held in abeyance by the exacting fact of war.
But certain immediate steps to deal with these problems and restore peacetime conditions were taken or announced as follows:
1. The War Manpower Commission abolished all controls, effective immediately, creating a free labor market for the first time in three years. The commission also set up a plan to help displaced workers and veterans find jobs.
2. The Navy canceled nearly $6,000,000,000 of prime contracts.
The Japanese offer to surrender, confirmed by the note received through Switzerland today, came in the week after the United States Air Forces obliterated Hiroshima with the first atomic bomb in history and the Union of Soviet Republics declared war on Japan. At the time the document was received in Washington, Russian armies were pushing back the Japanese armies in Asia and on Sukhalin Island, and the Army and Navy of the United States with their air forces- aided by the British- were relentlessly bombarding the home islands.
When the President made his announcements tonight it was three years and 250 days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which put the United States at war with Japan. This was followed immediately by the declarations of war on this country by Germany and Italy, the other Axis partners, which engaged the United States in the global conflict that now, in its military phases, is wholly won.
If the note had not come today the President was ready though reluctant to give the order that would have spread throughout Japan the hideous death and destruction that are the toll of the atomic bomb.
Officially the Japanese note was a response to the communicator to Tokyo, written on behalf of the Allies Aug. 11 by Secretary Byrnes, which was itself a reply to a Japanese offer on Aug. 10 to surrender on the understanding of the Japanese Government that the Potsdam Declaration did not "prejudice the prerogatives" of the Emperor of Japan as its "sovereign ruler."
Plan on the Emperor
Mr. Byrnes wrote, in effect, that the Japanese might keep their Emperor if they chose to do so of their own free-will, but that he would be placed under the authority of the Allied Commander-in-Chief in Tokyo and would be responsible to that commander for his official and public activities.
Relief rather than jubilation that the grim and costly task of conquering the Axis is done was the emotion of the officials, from the President down, who have traversed the long and agonizing road to victory since Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor while Tokyo's "peace" envoys- Admiral Kichisahura Nomura and Ambassador Saburo Kurusu- were still continuing their negotiations with Secretary of State Hull. The road is piled high with the bodies of American soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians who gave their lives that the victory might be attained.
And, in a solemn hour of triumph, the men in Washington that were their military and civilian commanders could not be jubilant in the lasting memory of these human sacrifices. On the contrary, they seemed more than ever resolved to produce a system of world security which for a long time would obviate the necessity of such sacrifices to dictators and aggressive nations; and to impress on the Japanese- as on the Germans- their crimes, nor relax their punishments, until they learn to follow the ways of peace.
Though the victory over the Japanese as well as the Nazis had always seemed assured to the American authorities, it did not become a certainty until the Allies- through United States invention and production, Allied military and scientific skills and the fortitude of the British, Chinese, Russian and American populations- were able to change from defense to attack. This change, so far as the Pacific was concerned, came after the Battle of Midway gathered force after the actions of the Coral Sea and the Philippines and came to crescendo with the captures of Saipan, Iwo Island and Okinawa, the perfection of radar and the discovery and use of the atomic bomb. But before these successes the story was very different.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor found the Pacific Fleet divided, half of it crowded in the roadstead, the other half dispatched for Atlantic service for reasons of policy. These reasons grew out of President Roosevelt's decision that the Nazi menace required the fleet diversion to the Atlantic for immediate national defense, and out of his belief that, as he expressed it, he could "baby along Japan." This latter view was the foundation of the underlying policy by which the United States continued to furnish Japan with scrap iron, petrol, ant other materials transferable to war uses long after Japan by many officials was conceded to be bent on hemispheric and eventual world-wide aggression.
（クリックすると拡大します） しかし勝った米国の、8月14日のニューヨークタイムズ記事では「Japan Surrenders, End of War! 」って書いていて、「End of War! 」、終戦って言葉を使っています。まあ、見出し全体や記事本文では自分たちが勝ったとは言っているのですが、「勝つには勝ったが、終わってよかったよ」って感じが「End of War! 」のところににじみ出ています。国民や読者の声を率直に代弁したのでしょう。
勝ってる米国でさえ「End of War! 」と喜んでいるのに、我々日本人が「戦争が終わった＝終戦」と喜ぶ事に何の罪やある。
As a citizen of the United States of America I want to express to you tonight my sorrow and regret for the pain and sufferring caused by the cruel and unneccessary atomic bombing of your cities. I belive it was wrong; morally wrong. Just as wrong as the holocaust. It was a crime not just against history but against humanity. I walked in the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and photographed the children, the women, the elderly, the mutilated and disfigured. The victims who suffered and died like no other people in the history of the world. Now, fifty years later I pledge to you that I will not forget waht I saw. We owe it to those who died to keep their memory alive. Give their tragic deaths honor by remembering them. Let them teach us how to respect life. For them I will continue to speak out and tell the world what it was like in Japan, 1945. My exhibit will continue to be seen for we cannot, we must not, let any one country become the victim or attacher again. No more Hiroshimas! No more Pearl Harbors! No more Nagasakis! NO MORE! For peace is the future and without peace there will be no future.
Japan Told to Order End of Hostilities, Notify Allied Supreme Commander and Send Emissaries to Him
MacArthur To Receive Surrender
Formal Proclamation of V-J Day Awaits Signing of Those Articles -- Cease-Fire Order Given to the Allied Forces
By ARTHUR KROCK
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES
RELATED HEADLINES
All City 'Lets Go': Hundreds of Thousands Roar Joy After Victory Flash Is Received: Times Sq. Is Jammed: Police Estimate Crowd in Area at 2,000,000 -- Din Overwhelming
Terms Will Reduce Japan to Kingdom Perry Visited
Hirohito on Radio; Minister Ends Life
Two-Day Holiday Is Proclaimed; Stores, Banks Close Here Today
MacArthur Begins Orders to Hirohito
OTHER HEADLINES
Our Manpower Curbs Voided: Hiring Made Local: Communities, Labor and Management Will Unite Efforts: 6,000,000 Affected: Draft Quotas Cut, Services to Drop 5,500,000 in 18 Months
Third Fleet Fells 5 Planes Since End
Secrets of Radar Given to World
Petain Convicted, Sentenced to Die: Jurors Recommend Clemency Because of His Age -- Long Indictment Upheld
Treaty With China Signed in Moscow: Complete Agreement Reached With Chungking on All Points at Issue, Russians Say
Cruiser Sunk, 1,196 Casualties; Took Atom Bomb Cargo to Guam
Washington, Aug. 14 -- Japan today unconditionally surrendered the hemispheric empire taken by force and held almost intact for more than two years against the rising power of the United States and its Allies in the Pacific war.
The bloody dream of the Japanese military caste vanished in the text of a note to the Four Powers accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945, which amplified the Cairo Declaration of 1943.
Like the previous items in the surrender correspondence, today's Japanese document was forwarded through the Swiss Foreign Office at Berne and the Swiss Legation in Washington. The note of total capitulation was delivered to the State Department by the Legation Charge d'Affaires at 6:10 P. M., after the third and most anxious day of waiting on Tokyo, the anxiety intensified by several premature or false reports of the finale of World War II.
Orders Given to the Japanese
The Department responded with a note to Tokyo through the same channel, ordering the immediate end of hostilities by the Japanese, requiring that the Supreme Allied Commander- who, the President announced, will be Gen. Douglas MacArthur- be notified of the date and hour of the order, and instructing that emissaries of Japan be sent to him at once- at the time and place selected by him- "with full information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders."
President Truman summoned a special press conference in the Executive offices at 7 P.M. He handed to the reporters three texts.
The first- the only one he read aloud- was that he had received the Japanese note and deemed it full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, containing no qualification whatsoever; that arrangements for the formal signing of the peace would be made for the "earliest possible moment;" that the Japanese surrender would be made to General MacArthur in his capacity as Supreme Allied Commander in Chief; that Allied military commanders had been instructed to cease hostilities, but that the formal proclamation of V. J. Day must await the formal signing.
The text ended with the Japanese note in which the Four Powers (the United States, Great Britain, China, and Russia) were officially informed that the Emperor of Japan had issued an imperial rescript of surrender, was prepared to guarantee the necessary signatures to the terms as prescribed by the Allies, and had instructed all his commanders to cease active operations to surrender all arms and to disband all forces under their control and within their reach.
The President's second announcement was that he had instructed the Selective Service to reduce the monthly military draft from 80,000 to 50,000 men, permitting a constant flow of replacements for the occupation forces and other necessary military units, with the draft held to low-age groups and first discharges given on the basis of long, arduous and faithful war service. He said he hoped to release 5,000,000 to 5,500,000 men in the subsequent year or eighteen months, the ratio governed in some degree by transportation facilities and the world situation.
The President's final announcement was to decree holidays tomorrow and Thursday for all Federal workers, who, he said, were the "hardest working and perhaps the least appreciated" by the public of all who had helped to wage the war.
Mr. Truman spoke calmly to the reporters, but when he had finished reading his face broke into a smile. Also present were Secretary of State James F. Byrnes and Admiral William D. Leahy, the President's personal Chief of Staff, and two other members of the Cabinet- Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Commerce, and James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy- managed to respond to a hurry call in time to be there. The agreement to issue the statements simultaneously in all the Allied capitals, and the brief period between the call to the Cabinet and the announcement, were responsible. Later the chief war administrators and Cordell Hull, former Secretary of State, arrived to congratulate the President.
President Addresses Crowd
After the press conference, while usually bored Washington launched upon a noisy victory demonstration, the President with Mrs. Truman walked out to the fountain in the White House grounds that face on Pennsylvania Avenue and made the V sign to the shouting crowds.
But this did not satisfy the growing assemblage, or probably the President either, for, in response to clamor, he came back and made a speech from the north portico, in which he said that the present emergency was as great as that of Pearl Harbor Day and must and would be met in the same spirit. Later in the evening he appeared to the crowds and spoke again.
He then returned to the executive mansion to begin work, at once on problems of peace, including domestic ones affecting reconversion, unemployment, wage-and-hour scales and industrial cut-backs, which are more complex and difficult than any he has faced and call for plans and measures that were necessarily held in abeyance by the exacting fact of war.
But certain immediate steps to deal with these problems and restore peacetime conditions were taken or announced as follows:
1. The War Manpower Commission abolished all controls, effective immediately, creating a free labor market for the first time in three years. The commission also set up a plan to help displaced workers and veterans find jobs.
2. The Navy canceled nearly $6,000,000,000 of prime contracts.
The Japanese offer to surrender, confirmed by the note received through Switzerland today, came in the week after the United States Air Forces obliterated Hiroshima with the first atomic bomb in history and the Union of Soviet Republics declared war on Japan. At the time the document was received in Washington, Russian armies were pushing back the Japanese armies in Asia and on Sukhalin Island, and the Army and Navy of the United States with their air forces- aided by the British- were relentlessly bombarding the home islands.
When the President made his announcements tonight it was three years and 250 days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which put the United States at war with Japan. This was followed immediately by the declarations of war on this country by Germany and Italy, the other Axis partners, which engaged the United States in the global conflict that now, in its military phases, is wholly won.
If the note had not come today the President was ready though reluctant to give the order that would have spread throughout Japan the hideous death and destruction that are the toll of the atomic bomb.
Officially the Japanese note was a response to the communicator to Tokyo, written on behalf of the Allies Aug. 11 by Secretary Byrnes, which was itself a reply to a Japanese offer on Aug. 10 to surrender on the understanding of the Japanese Government that the Potsdam Declaration did not "prejudice the prerogatives" of the Emperor of Japan as its "sovereign ruler."
Plan on the Emperor
Mr. Byrnes wrote, in effect, that the Japanese might keep their Emperor if they chose to do so of their own free-will, but that he would be placed under the authority of the Allied Commander-in-Chief in Tokyo and would be responsible to that commander for his official and public activities.
Relief rather than jubilation that the grim and costly task of conquering the Axis is done was the emotion of the officials, from the President down, who have traversed the long and agonizing road to victory since Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor while Tokyo's "peace" envoys- Admiral Kichisahura Nomura and Ambassador Saburo Kurusu- were still continuing their negotiations with Secretary of State Hull. The road is piled high with the bodies of American soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians who gave their lives that the victory might be attained.
And, in a solemn hour of triumph, the men in Washington that were their military and civilian commanders could not be jubilant in the lasting memory of these human sacrifices. On the contrary, they seemed more than ever resolved to produce a system of world security which for a long time would obviate the necessity of such sacrifices to dictators and aggressive nations; and to impress on the Japanese- as on the Germans- their crimes, nor relax their punishments, until they learn to follow the ways of peace.
Though the victory over the Japanese as well as the Nazis had always seemed assured to the American authorities, it did not become a certainty until the Allies- through United States invention and production, Allied military and scientific skills and the fortitude of the British, Chinese, Russian and American populations- were able to change from defense to attack. This change, so far as the Pacific was concerned, came after the Battle of Midway gathered force after the actions of the Coral Sea and the Philippines and came to crescendo with the captures of Saipan, Iwo Island and Okinawa, the perfection of radar and the discovery and use of the atomic bomb. But before these successes the story was very different.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor found the Pacific Fleet divided, half of it crowded in the roadstead, the other half dispatched for Atlantic service for reasons of policy. These reasons grew out of President Roosevelt's decision that the Nazi menace required the fleet diversion to the Atlantic for immediate national defense, and out of his belief that, as he expressed it, he could "baby along Japan." This latter view was the foundation of the underlying policy by which the United States continued to furnish Japan with scrap iron, petrol, ant other materials transferable to war uses long after Japan by many officials was conceded to be bent on hemispheric and eventual world-wide aggression.
（クリックすると拡大します） しかし勝った米国の、8月14日のニューヨークタイムズ記事では「Japan Surrenders, End of War! 」って書いていて、「End of War! 」、終戦って言葉を使っています。まあ、見出し全体や記事本文では自分たちが勝ったとは言っているのですが、「勝つには勝ったが、終わってよかったよ」って感じが「End of War! 」のところににじみ出ています。国民や読者の声を率直に代弁したのでしょう。
勝ってる米国でさえ「End of War! 」と喜んでいるのに、我々日本人が「戦争が終わった＝終戦」と喜ぶ事に何の罪やある。
As a citizen of the United States of America I want to express to you tonight my sorrow and regret for the pain and sufferring caused by the cruel and unneccessary atomic bombing of your cities. I belive it was wrong; morally wrong. Just as wrong as the holocaust. It was a crime not just against history but against humanity. I walked in the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and photographed the children, the women, the elderly, the mutilated and disfigured. The victims who suffered and died like no other people in the history of the world. Now, fifty years later I pledge to you that I will not forget waht I saw. We owe it to those who died to keep their memory alive. Give their tragic deaths honor by remembering them. Let them teach us how to respect life. For them I will continue to speak out and tell the world what it was like in Japan, 1945. My exhibit will continue to be seen for we cannot, we must not, let any one country become the victim or attacher again. No more Hiroshimas! No more Pearl Harbors! No more Nagasakis! NO MORE! For peace is the future and without peace there will be no future.
Japan Told to Order End of Hostilities, Notify Allied Supreme Commander and Send Emissaries to Him
MacArthur To Receive Surrender
Formal Proclamation of V-J Day Awaits Signing of Those Articles -- Cease-Fire Order Given to the Allied Forces
By ARTHUR KROCK
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES
RELATED HEADLINES
All City 'Lets Go': Hundreds of Thousands Roar Joy After Victory Flash Is Received: Times Sq. Is Jammed: Police Estimate Crowd in Area at 2,000,000 -- Din Overwhelming
Terms Will Reduce Japan to Kingdom Perry Visited
Hirohito on Radio; Minister Ends Life
Two-Day Holiday Is Proclaimed; Stores, Banks Close Here Today
MacArthur Begins Orders to Hirohito
OTHER HEADLINES
Our Manpower Curbs Voided: Hiring Made Local: Communities, Labor and Management Will Unite Efforts: 6,000,000 Affected: Draft Quotas Cut, Services to Drop 5,500,000 in 18 Months
Third Fleet Fells 5 Planes Since End
Secrets of Radar Given to World
Petain Convicted, Sentenced to Die: Jurors Recommend Clemency Because of His Age -- Long Indictment Upheld
Treaty With China Signed in Moscow: Complete Agreement Reached With Chungking on All Points at Issue, Russians Say
Cruiser Sunk, 1,196 Casualties; Took Atom Bomb Cargo to Guam
Washington, Aug. 14 -- Japan today unconditionally surrendered the hemispheric empire taken by force and held almost intact for more than two years against the rising power of the United States and its Allies in the Pacific war.
The bloody dream of the Japanese military caste vanished in the text of a note to the Four Powers accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945, which amplified the Cairo Declaration of 1943.
Like the previous items in the surrender correspondence, today's Japanese document was forwarded through the Swiss Foreign Office at Berne and the Swiss Legation in Washington. The note of total capitulation was delivered to the State Department by the Legation Charge d'Affaires at 6:10 P. M., after the third and most anxious day of waiting on Tokyo, the anxiety intensified by several premature or false reports of the finale of World War II.
Orders Given to the Japanese
The Department responded with a note to Tokyo through the same channel, ordering the immediate end of hostilities by the Japanese, requiring that the Supreme Allied Commander- who, the President announced, will be Gen. Douglas MacArthur- be notified of the date and hour of the order, and instructing that emissaries of Japan be sent to him at once- at the time and place selected by him- "with full information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders."
President Truman summoned a special press conference in the Executive offices at 7 P.M. He handed to the reporters three texts.
The first- the only one he read aloud- was that he had received the Japanese note and deemed it full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, containing no qualification whatsoever; that arrangements for the formal signing of the peace would be made for the "earliest possible moment;" that the Japanese surrender would be made to General MacArthur in his capacity as Supreme Allied Commander in Chief; that Allied military commanders had been instructed to cease hostilities, but that the formal proclamation of V. J. Day must await the formal signing.
The text ended with the Japanese note in which the Four Powers (the United States, Great Britain, China, and Russia) were officially informed that the Emperor of Japan had issued an imperial rescript of surrender, was prepared to guarantee the necessary signatures to the terms as prescribed by the Allies, and had instructed all his commanders to cease active operations to surrender all arms and to disband all forces under their control and within their reach.
The President's second announcement was that he had instructed the Selective Service to reduce the monthly military draft from 80,000 to 50,000 men, permitting a constant flow of replacements for the occupation forces and other necessary military units, with the draft held to low-age groups and first discharges given on the basis of long, arduous and faithful war service. He said he hoped to release 5,000,000 to 5,500,000 men in the subsequent year or eighteen months, the ratio governed in some degree by transportation facilities and the world situation.
The President's final announcement was to decree holidays tomorrow and Thursday for all Federal workers, who, he said, were the "hardest working and perhaps the least appreciated" by the public of all who had helped to wage the war.
Mr. Truman spoke calmly to the reporters, but when he had finished reading his face broke into a smile. Also present were Secretary of State James F. Byrnes and Admiral William D. Leahy, the President's personal Chief of Staff, and two other members of the Cabinet- Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Commerce, and James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy- managed to respond to a hurry call in time to be there. The agreement to issue the statements simultaneously in all the Allied capitals, and the brief period between the call to the Cabinet and the announcement, were responsible. Later the chief war administrators and Cordell Hull, former Secretary of State, arrived to congratulate the President.
President Addresses Crowd
After the press conference, while usually bored Washington launched upon a noisy victory demonstration, the President with Mrs. Truman walked out to the fountain in the White House grounds that face on Pennsylvania Avenue and made the V sign to the shouting crowds.
But this did not satisfy the growing assemblage, or probably the President either, for, in response to clamor, he came back and made a speech from the north portico, in which he said that the present emergency was as great as that of Pearl Harbor Day and must and would be met in the same spirit. Later in the evening he appeared to the crowds and spoke again.
He then returned to the executive mansion to begin work, at once on problems of peace, including domestic ones affecting reconversion, unemployment, wage-and-hour scales and industrial cut-backs, which are more complex and difficult than any he has faced and call for plans and measures that were necessarily held in abeyance by the exacting fact of war.
But certain immediate steps to deal with these problems and restore peacetime conditions were taken or announced as follows:
1. The War Manpower Commission abolished all controls, effective immediately, creating a free labor market for the first time in three years. The commission also set up a plan to help displaced workers and veterans find jobs.
2. The Navy canceled nearly $6,000,000,000 of prime contracts.
The Japanese offer to surrender, confirmed by the note received through Switzerland today, came in the week after the United States Air Forces obliterated Hiroshima with the first atomic bomb in history and the Union of Soviet Republics declared war on Japan. At the time the document was received in Washington, Russian armies were pushing back the Japanese armies in Asia and on Sukhalin Island, and the Army and Navy of the United States with their air forces- aided by the British- were relentlessly bombarding the home islands.
When the President made his announcements tonight it was three years and 250 days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which put the United States at war with Japan. This was followed immediately by the declarations of war on this country by Germany and Italy, the other Axis partners, which engaged the United States in the global conflict that now, in its military phases, is wholly won.
If the note had not come today the President was ready though reluctant to give the order that would have spread throughout Japan the hideous death and destruction that are the toll of the atomic bomb.
Officially the Japanese note was a response to the communicator to Tokyo, written on behalf of the Allies Aug. 11 by Secretary Byrnes, which was itself a reply to a Japanese offer on Aug. 10 to surrender on the understanding of the Japanese Government that the Potsdam Declaration did not "prejudice the prerogatives" of the Emperor of Japan as its "sovereign ruler."
Plan on the Emperor
Mr. Byrnes wrote, in effect, that the Japanese might keep their Emperor if they chose to do so of their own free-will, but that he would be placed under the authority of the Allied Commander-in-Chief in Tokyo and would be responsible to that commander for his official and public activities.
Relief rather than jubilation that the grim and costly task of conquering the Axis is done was the emotion of the officials, from the President down, who have traversed the long and agonizing road to victory since Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor while Tokyo's "peace" envoys- Admiral Kichisahura Nomura and Ambassador Saburo Kurusu- were still continuing their negotiations with Secretary of State Hull. The road is piled high with the bodies of American soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians who gave their lives that the victory might be attained.
And, in a solemn hour of triumph, the men in Washington that were their military and civilian commanders could not be jubilant in the lasting memory of these human sacrifices. On the contrary, they seemed more than ever resolved to produce a system of world security which for a long time would obviate the necessity of such sacrifices to dictators and aggressive nations; and to impress on the Japanese- as on the Germans- their crimes, nor relax their punishments, until they learn to follow the ways of peace.
Though the victory over the Japanese as well as the Nazis had always seemed assured to the American authorities, it did not become a certainty until the Allies- through United States invention and production, Allied military and scientific skills and the fortitude of the British, Chinese, Russian and American populations- were able to change from defense to attack. This change, so far as the Pacific was concerned, came after the Battle of Midway gathered force after the actions of the Coral Sea and the Philippines and came to crescendo with the captures of Saipan, Iwo Island and Okinawa, the perfection of radar and the discovery and use of the atomic bomb. But before these successes the story was very different.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor found the Pacific Fleet divided, half of it crowded in the roadstead, the other half dispatched for Atlantic service for reasons of policy. These reasons grew out of President Roosevelt's decision that the Nazi menace required the fleet diversion to the Atlantic for immediate national defense, and out of his belief that, as he expressed it, he could "baby along Japan." This latter view was the foundation of the underlying policy by which the United States continued to furnish Japan with scrap iron, petrol, ant other materials transferable to war uses long after Japan by many officials was conceded to be bent on hemispheric and eventual world-wide aggression.
（クリックすると拡大します） しかし勝った米国の、8月14日のニューヨークタイムズ記事では「Japan Surrenders, End of War! 」って書いていて、「End of War! 」、終戦って言葉を使っています。まあ、見出し全体や記事本文では自分たちが勝ったとは言っているのですが、「勝つには勝ったが、終わってよかったよ」って感じが「End of War! 」のところににじみ出ています。国民や読者の声を率直に代弁したのでしょう。
勝ってる米国でさえ「End of War! 」と喜んでいるのに、我々日本人が「戦争が終わった＝終戦」と喜ぶ事に何の不都合やある。
As a citizen of the United States of America I want to express to you tonight my sorrow and regret for the pain and sufferring caused by the cruel and unneccessary atomic bombing of your cities. I belive it was wrong; morally wrong. Just as wrong as the holocaust. It was a crime not just against history but against humanity. I walked in the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and photographed the children, the women, the elderly, the mutilated and disfigured. The victims who suffered and died like no other people in the history of the world. Now, fifty years later I pledge to you that I will not forget waht I saw. We owe it to those who died to keep their memory alive. Give their tragic deaths honor by remembering them. Let them teach us how to respect life. For them I will continue to speak out and tell the world what it was like in Japan, 1945. My exhibit will continue to be seen for we cannot, we must not, let any one country become the victim or attacher again. No more Hiroshimas! No more Pearl Harbors! No more Nagasakis! NO MORE! For peace is the future and without peace there will be no future.
Japan Told to Order End of Hostilities, Notify Allied Supreme Commander and Send Emissaries to Him
MacArthur To Receive Surrender
Formal Proclamation of V-J Day Awaits Signing of Those Articles -- Cease-Fire Order Given to the Allied Forces
By ARTHUR KROCK
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES
RELATED HEADLINES
All City 'Lets Go': Hundreds of Thousands Roar Joy After Victory Flash Is Received: Times Sq. Is Jammed: Police Estimate Crowd in Area at 2,000,000 -- Din Overwhelming
Terms Will Reduce Japan to Kingdom Perry Visited
Hirohito on Radio; Minister Ends Life
Two-Day Holiday Is Proclaimed; Stores, Banks Close Here Today
MacArthur Begins Orders to Hirohito
OTHER HEADLINES
Our Manpower Curbs Voided: Hiring Made Local: Communities, Labor and Management Will Unite Efforts: 6,000,000 Affected: Draft Quotas Cut, Services to Drop 5,500,000 in 18 Months
Third Fleet Fells 5 Planes Since End
Secrets of Radar Given to World
Petain Convicted, Sentenced to Die: Jurors Recommend Clemency Because of His Age -- Long Indictment Upheld
Treaty With China Signed in Moscow: Complete Agreement Reached With Chungking on All Points at Issue, Russians Say
Cruiser Sunk, 1,196 Casualties; Took Atom Bomb Cargo to Guam
Washington, Aug. 14 -- Japan today unconditionally surrendered the hemispheric empire taken by force and held almost intact for more than two years against the rising power of the United States and its Allies in the Pacific war.
The bloody dream of the Japanese military caste vanished in the text of a note to the Four Powers accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945, which amplified the Cairo Declaration of 1943.
Like the previous items in the surrender correspondence, today's Japanese document was forwarded through the Swiss Foreign Office at Berne and the Swiss Legation in Washington. The note of total capitulation was delivered to the State Department by the Legation Charge d'Affaires at 6:10 P. M., after the third and most anxious day of waiting on Tokyo, the anxiety intensified by several premature or false reports of the finale of World War II.
Orders Given to the Japanese
The Department responded with a note to Tokyo through the same channel, ordering the immediate end of hostilities by the Japanese, requiring that the Supreme Allied Commander- who, the President announced, will be Gen. Douglas MacArthur- be notified of the date and hour of the order, and instructing that emissaries of Japan be sent to him at once- at the time and place selected by him- "with full information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders."
President Truman summoned a special press conference in the Executive offices at 7 P.M. He handed to the reporters three texts.
The first- the only one he read aloud- was that he had received the Japanese note and deemed it full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, containing no qualification whatsoever; that arrangements for the formal signing of the peace would be made for the "earliest possible moment;" that the Japanese surrender would be made to General MacArthur in his capacity as Supreme Allied Commander in Chief; that Allied military commanders had been instructed to cease hostilities, but that the formal proclamation of V. J. Day must await the formal signing.
The text ended with the Japanese note in which the Four Powers (the United States, Great Britain, China, and Russia) were officially informed that the Emperor of Japan had issued an imperial rescript of surrender, was prepared to guarantee the necessary signatures to the terms as prescribed by the Allies, and had instructed all his commanders to cease active operations to surrender all arms and to disband all forces under their control and within their reach.
The President's second announcement was that he had instructed the Selective Service to reduce the monthly military draft from 80,000 to 50,000 men, permitting a constant flow of replacements for the occupation forces and other necessary military units, with the draft held to low-age groups and first discharges given on the basis of long, arduous and faithful war service. He said he hoped to release 5,000,000 to 5,500,000 men in the subsequent year or eighteen months, the ratio governed in some degree by transportation facilities and the world situation.
The President's final announcement was to decree holidays tomorrow and Thursday for all Federal workers, who, he said, were the "hardest working and perhaps the least appreciated" by the public of all who had helped to wage the war.
Mr. Truman spoke calmly to the reporters, but when he had finished reading his face broke into a smile. Also present were Secretary of State James F. Byrnes and Admiral William D. Leahy, the President's personal Chief of Staff, and two other members of the Cabinet- Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Commerce, and James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy- managed to respond to a hurry call in time to be there. The agreement to issue the statements simultaneously in all the Allied capitals, and the brief period between the call to the Cabinet and the announcement, were responsible. Later the chief war administrators and Cordell Hull, former Secretary of State, arrived to congratulate the President.
President Addresses Crowd
After the press conference, while usually bored Washington launched upon a noisy victory demonstration, the President with Mrs. Truman walked out to the fountain in the White House grounds that face on Pennsylvania Avenue and made the V sign to the shouting crowds.
But this did not satisfy the growing assemblage, or probably the President either, for, in response to clamor, he came back and made a speech from the north portico, in which he said that the present emergency was as great as that of Pearl Harbor Day and must and would be met in the same spirit. Later in the evening he appeared to the crowds and spoke again.
He then returned to the executive mansion to begin work, at once on problems of peace, including domestic ones affecting reconversion, unemployment, wage-and-hour scales and industrial cut-backs, which are more complex and difficult than any he has faced and call for plans and measures that were necessarily held in abeyance by the exacting fact of war.
But certain immediate steps to deal with these problems and restore peacetime conditions were taken or announced as follows:
1. The War Manpower Commission abolished all controls, effective immediately, creating a free labor market for the first time in three years. The commission also set up a plan to help displaced workers and veterans find jobs.
2. The Navy canceled nearly $6,000,000,000 of prime contracts.
The Japanese offer to surrender, confirmed by the note received through Switzerland today, came in the week after the United States Air Forces obliterated Hiroshima with the first atomic bomb in history and the Union of Soviet Republics declared war on Japan. At the time the document was received in Washington, Russian armies were pushing back the Japanese armies in Asia and on Sukhalin Island, and the Army and Navy of the United States with their air forces- aided by the British- were relentlessly bombarding the home islands.
When the President made his announcements tonight it was three years and 250 days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which put the United States at war with Japan. This was followed immediately by the declarations of war on this country by Germany and Italy, the other Axis partners, which engaged the United States in the global conflict that now, in its military phases, is wholly won.
If the note had not come today the President was ready though reluctant to give the order that would have spread throughout Japan the hideous death and destruction that are the toll of the atomic bomb.
Officially the Japanese note was a response to the communicator to Tokyo, written on behalf of the Allies Aug. 11 by Secretary Byrnes, which was itself a reply to a Japanese offer on Aug. 10 to surrender on the understanding of the Japanese Government that the Potsdam Declaration did not "prejudice the prerogatives" of the Emperor of Japan as its "sovereign ruler."
Plan on the Emperor
Mr. Byrnes wrote, in effect, that the Japanese might keep their Emperor if they chose to do so of their own free-will, but that he would be placed under the authority of the Allied Commander-in-Chief in Tokyo and would be responsible to that commander for his official and public activities.
Relief rather than jubilation that the grim and costly task of conquering the Axis is done was the emotion of the officials, from the President down, who have traversed the long and agonizing road to victory since Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor while Tokyo's "peace" envoys- Admiral Kichisahura Nomura and Ambassador Saburo Kurusu- were still continuing their negotiations with Secretary of State Hull. The road is piled high with the bodies of American soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians who gave their lives that the victory might be attained.
And, in a solemn hour of triumph, the men in Washington that were their military and civilian commanders could not be jubilant in the lasting memory of these human sacrifices. On the contrary, they seemed more than ever resolved to produce a system of world security which for a long time would obviate the necessity of such sacrifices to dictators and aggressive nations; and to impress on the Japanese- as on the Germans- their crimes, nor relax their punishments, until they learn to follow the ways of peace.
Though the victory over the Japanese as well as the Nazis had always seemed assured to the American authorities, it did not become a certainty until the Allies- through United States invention and production, Allied military and scientific skills and the fortitude of the British, Chinese, Russian and American populations- were able to change from defense to attack. This change, so far as the Pacific was concerned, came after the Battle of Midway gathered force after the actions of the Coral Sea and the Philippines and came to crescendo with the captures of Saipan, Iwo Island and Okinawa, the perfection of radar and the discovery and use of the atomic bomb. But before these successes the story was very different.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor found the Pacific Fleet divided, half of it crowded in the roadstead, the other half dispatched for Atlantic service for reasons of policy. These reasons grew out of President Roosevelt's decision that the Nazi menace required the fleet diversion to the Atlantic for immediate national defense, and out of his belief that, as he expressed it, he could "baby along Japan." This latter view was the foundation of the underlying policy by which the United States continued to furnish Japan with scrap iron, petrol, ant other materials transferable to war uses long after Japan by many officials was conceded to be bent on hemispheric and eventual world-wide aggression.
（クリックすると拡大します） しかし勝った米国の、8月14日のニューヨークタイムズ記事では「Japan Surrenders, End of War! 」って書いていて、「End of War! 」、終戦って言葉を使っています。まあ、見出し全体や記事本文では自分たちが勝ったとは言っているのですが、「勝つには勝ったが、終わってよかったよ」って感じが「End of War! 」のところににじみ出ています。国民や読者の声を率直に代弁したのでしょう。
勝ってる米国でさえ「End of War! 」と喜んでいるのに、我々日本人が「戦争が終わった＝終戦」と喜ぶ事に何の不都合やある。
As a citizen of the United States of America I want to express to you tonight my sorrow and regret for the pain and sufferring caused by the cruel and unneccessary atomic bombing of your cities. I belive it was wrong; morally wrong. Just as wrong as the holocaust. It was a crime not just against history but against humanity. I walked in the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and photographed the children, the women, the elderly, the mutilated and disfigured. The victims who suffered and died like no other people in the history of the world. Now, fifty years later I pledge to you that I will not forget waht I saw. We owe it to those who died to keep their memory alive. Give their tragic deaths honor by remembering them. Let them teach us how to respect life. For them I will continue to speak out and tell the world what it was like in Japan, 1945. My exhibit will continue to be seen for we cannot, we must not, let any one country become the victim or attacher again. No more Hiroshimas! No more Pearl Harbors! No more Nagasakis! NO MORE! For peace is the future and without peace there will be no future.
Japan Told to Order End of Hostilities, Notify Allied Supreme Commander and Send Emissaries to Him
MacArthur To Receive Surrender
Formal Proclamation of V-J Day Awaits Signing of Those Articles -- Cease-Fire Order Given to the Allied Forces
By ARTHUR KROCK
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES
RELATED HEADLINES
All City 'Lets Go': Hundreds of Thousands Roar Joy After Victory Flash Is Received: Times Sq. Is Jammed: Police Estimate Crowd in Area at 2,000,000 -- Din Overwhelming
Terms Will Reduce Japan to Kingdom Perry Visited
Hirohito on Radio; Minister Ends Life
Two-Day Holiday Is Proclaimed; Stores, Banks Close Here Today
MacArthur Begins Orders to Hirohito
OTHER HEADLINES
Our Manpower Curbs Voided: Hiring Made Local: Communities, Labor and Management Will Unite Efforts: 6,000,000 Affected: Draft Quotas Cut, Services to Drop 5,500,000 in 18 Months
Third Fleet Fells 5 Planes Since End
Secrets of Radar Given to World
Petain Convicted, Sentenced to Die: Jurors Recommend Clemency Because of His Age -- Long Indictment Upheld
Treaty With China Signed in Moscow: Complete Agreement Reached With Chungking on All Points at Issue, Russians Say
Cruiser Sunk, 1,196 Casualties; Took Atom Bomb Cargo to Guam
Washington, Aug. 14 -- Japan today unconditionally surrendered the hemispheric empire taken by force and held almost intact for more than two years against the rising power of the United States and its Allies in the Pacific war.
The bloody dream of the Japanese military caste vanished in the text of a note to the Four Powers accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945, which amplified the Cairo Declaration of 1943.
Like the previous items in the surrender correspondence, today's Japanese document was forwarded through the Swiss Foreign Office at Berne and the Swiss Legation in Washington. The note of total capitulation was delivered to the State Department by the Legation Charge d'Affaires at 6:10 P. M., after the third and most anxious day of waiting on Tokyo, the anxiety intensified by several premature or false reports of the finale of World War II.
Orders Given to the Japanese
The Department responded with a note to Tokyo through the same channel, ordering the immediate end of hostilities by the Japanese, requiring that the Supreme Allied Commander- who, the President announced, will be Gen. Douglas MacArthur- be notified of the date and hour of the order, and instructing that emissaries of Japan be sent to him at once- at the time and place selected by him- "with full information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders."
President Truman summoned a special press conference in the Executive offices at 7 P.M. He handed to the reporters three texts.
The first- the only one he read aloud- was that he had received the Japanese note and deemed it full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, containing no qualification whatsoever; that arrangements for the formal signing of the peace would be made for the "earliest possible moment;" that the Japanese surrender would be made to General MacArthur in his capacity as Supreme Allied Commander in Chief; that Allied military commanders had been instructed to cease hostilities, but that the formal proclamation of V. J. Day must await the formal signing.
The text ended with the Japanese note in which the Four Powers (the United States, Great Britain, China, and Russia) were officially informed that the Emperor of Japan had issued an imperial rescript of surrender, was prepared to guarantee the necessary signatures to the terms as prescribed by the Allies, and had instructed all his commanders to cease active operations to surrender all arms and to disband all forces under their control and within their reach.
The President's second announcement was that he had instructed the Selective Service to reduce the monthly military draft from 80,000 to 50,000 men, permitting a constant flow of replacements for the occupation forces and other necessary military units, with the draft held to low-age groups and first discharges given on the basis of long, arduous and faithful war service. He said he hoped to release 5,000,000 to 5,500,000 men in the subsequent year or eighteen months, the ratio governed in some degree by transportation facilities and the world situation.
The President's final announcement was to decree holidays tomorrow and Thursday for all Federal workers, who, he said, were the "hardest working and perhaps the least appreciated" by the public of all who had helped to wage the war.
Mr. Truman spoke calmly to the reporters, but when he had finished reading his face broke into a smile. Also present were Secretary of State James F. Byrnes and Admiral William D. Leahy, the President's personal Chief of Staff, and two other members of the Cabinet- Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Commerce, and James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy- managed to respond to a hurry call in time to be there. The agreement to issue the statements simultaneously in all the Allied capitals, and the brief period between the call to the Cabinet and the announcement, were responsible. Later the chief war administrators and Cordell Hull, former Secretary of State, arrived to congratulate the President.
President Addresses Crowd
After the press conference, while usually bored Washington launched upon a noisy victory demonstration, the President with Mrs. Truman walked out to the fountain in the White House grounds that face on Pennsylvania Avenue and made the V sign to the shouting crowds.
But this did not satisfy the growing assemblage, or probably the President either, for, in response to clamor, he came back and made a speech from the north portico, in which he said that the present emergency was as great as that of Pearl Harbor Day and must and would be met in the same spirit. Later in the evening he appeared to the crowds and spoke again.
He then returned to the executive mansion to begin work, at once on problems of peace, including domestic ones affecting reconversion, unemployment, wage-and-hour scales and industrial cut-backs, which are more complex and difficult than any he has faced and call for plans and measures that were necessarily held in abeyance by the exacting fact of war.
But certain immediate steps to deal with these problems and restore peacetime conditions were taken or announced as follows:
1. The War Manpower Commission abolished all controls, effective immediately, creating a free labor market for the first time in three years. The commission also set up a plan to help displaced workers and veterans find jobs.
2. The Navy canceled nearly $6,000,000,000 of prime contracts.
The Japanese offer to surrender, confirmed by the note received through Switzerland today, came in the week after the United States Air Forces obliterated Hiroshima with the first atomic bomb in history and the Union of Soviet Republics declared war on Japan. At the time the document was received in Washington, Russian armies were pushing back the Japanese armies in Asia and on Sukhalin Island, and the Army and Navy of the United States with their air forces- aided by the British- were relentlessly bombarding the home islands.
When the President made his announcements tonight it was three years and 250 days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which put the United States at war with Japan. This was followed immediately by the declarations of war on this country by Germany and Italy, the other Axis partners, which engaged the United States in the global conflict that now, in its military phases, is wholly won.
If the note had not come today the President was ready though reluctant to give the order that would have spread throughout Japan the hideous death and destruction that are the toll of the atomic bomb.
Officially the Japanese note was a response to the communicator to Tokyo, written on behalf of the Allies Aug. 11 by Secretary Byrnes, which was itself a reply to a Japanese offer on Aug. 10 to surrender on the understanding of the Japanese Government that the Potsdam Declaration did not "prejudice the prerogatives" of the Emperor of Japan as its "sovereign ruler."
Plan on the Emperor
Mr. Byrnes wrote, in effect, that the Japanese might keep their Emperor if they chose to do so of their own free-will, but that he would be placed under the authority of the Allied Commander-in-Chief in Tokyo and would be responsible to that commander for his official and public activities.
Relief rather than jubilation that the grim and costly task of conquering the Axis is done was the emotion of the officials, from the President down, who have traversed the long and agonizing road to victory since Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor while Tokyo's "peace" envoys- Admiral Kichisahura Nomura and Ambassador Saburo Kurusu- were still continuing their negotiations with Secretary of State Hull. The road is piled high with the bodies of American soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians who gave their lives that the victory might be attained.
And, in a solemn hour of triumph, the men in Washington that were their military and civilian commanders could not be jubilant in the lasting memory of these human sacrifices. On the contrary, they seemed more than ever resolved to produce a system of world security which for a long time would obviate the necessity of such sacrifices to dictators and aggressive nations; and to impress on the Japanese- as on the Germans- their crimes, nor relax their punishments, until they learn to follow the ways of peace.
Though the victory over the Japanese as well as the Nazis had always seemed assured to the American authorities, it did not become a certainty until the Allies- through United States invention and production, Allied military and scientific skills and the fortitude of the British, Chinese, Russian and American populations- were able to change from defense to attack. This change, so far as the Pacific was concerned, came after the Battle of Midway gathered force after the actions of the Coral Sea and the Philippines and came to crescendo with the captures of Saipan, Iwo Island and Okinawa, the perfection of radar and the discovery and use of the atomic bomb. But before these successes the story was very different.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor found the Pacific Fleet divided, half of it crowded in the roadstead, the other half dispatched for Atlantic service for reasons of policy. These reasons grew out of President Roosevelt's decision that the Nazi menace required the fleet diversion to the Atlantic for immediate national defense, and out of his belief that, as he expressed it, he could "baby along Japan." This latter view was the foundation of the underlying policy by which the United States continued to furnish Japan with scrap iron, petrol, ant other materials transferable to war uses long after Japan by many officials was conceded to be bent on hemispheric and eventual world-wide aggression.
（クリックすると拡大します） しかし勝った米国の、8月14日のニューヨークタイムズ記事では「Japan Surrenders, End of War! 」って書いていて、「End of War! 」、終戦って言葉を使っています。まあ、見出し全体や記事本文では自分たちが勝ったとは言っているのですが、「勝つには勝ったが、終わってよかったよ」って感じが「End of War! 」のところににじみ出ています。国民や読者の声を率直に代弁したのでしょう。
勝ってる米国でさえ「End of War! 」と喜んでいるのに、我々日本人が「戦争が終わった＝終戦」と喜ぶ事に何の不都合やある。
As a citizen of the United States of America I want to express to you tonight my sorrow and regret for the pain and sufferring caused by the cruel and unneccessary atomic bombing of your cities. I belive it was wrong; morally wrong. Just as wrong as the holocaust. It was a crime not just against history but against humanity. I walked in the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and photographed the children, the women, the elderly, the mutilated and disfigured. The victims who suffered and died like no other people in the history of the world. Now, fifty years later I pledge to you that I will not forget waht I saw. We owe it to those who died to keep their memory alive. Give their tragic deaths honor by remembering them. Let them teach us how to respect life. For them I will continue to speak out and tell the world what it was like in Japan, 1945. My exhibit will continue to be seen for we cannot, we must not, let any one country become the victim or attacher again. No more Hiroshimas! No more Pearl Harbors! No more Nagasakis! NO MORE! For peace is the future and without peace there will be no future.
Japan Told to Order End of Hostilities, Notify Allied Supreme Commander and Send Emissaries to Him
MacArthur To Receive Surrender
Formal Proclamation of V-J Day Awaits Signing of Those Articles -- Cease-Fire Order Given to the Allied Forces
By ARTHUR KROCK
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES
RELATED HEADLINES
All City 'Lets Go': Hundreds of Thousands Roar Joy After Victory Flash Is Received: Times Sq. Is Jammed: Police Estimate Crowd in Area at 2,000,000 -- Din Overwhelming
Terms Will Reduce Japan to Kingdom Perry Visited
Hirohito on Radio; Minister Ends Life
Two-Day Holiday Is Proclaimed; Stores, Banks Close Here Today
MacArthur Begins Orders to Hirohito
OTHER HEADLINES
Our Manpower Curbs Voided: Hiring Made Local: Communities, Labor and Management Will Unite Efforts: 6,000,000 Affected: Draft Quotas Cut, Services to Drop 5,500,000 in 18 Months
Third Fleet Fells 5 Planes Since End
Secrets of Radar Given to World
Petain Convicted, Sentenced to Die: Jurors Recommend Clemency Because of His Age -- Long Indictment Upheld
Treaty With China Signed in Moscow: Complete Agreement Reached With Chungking on All Points at Issue, Russians Say
Cruiser Sunk, 1,196 Casualties; Took Atom Bomb Cargo to Guam
Washington, Aug. 14 -- Japan today unconditionally surrendered the hemispheric empire taken by force and held almost intact for more than two years against the rising power of the United States and its Allies in the Pacific war.
The bloody dream of the Japanese military caste vanished in the text of a note to the Four Powers accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945, which amplified the Cairo Declaration of 1943.
Like the previous items in the surrender correspondence, today's Japanese document was forwarded through the Swiss Foreign Office at Berne and the Swiss Legation in Washington. The note of total capitulation was delivered to the State Department by the Legation Charge d'Affaires at 6:10 P. M., after the third and most anxious day of waiting on Tokyo, the anxiety intensified by several premature or false reports of the finale of World War II.
Orders Given to the Japanese
The Department responded with a note to Tokyo through the same channel, ordering the immediate end of hostilities by the Japanese, requiring that the Supreme Allied Commander- who, the President announced, will be Gen. Douglas MacArthur- be notified of the date and hour of the order, and instructing that emissaries of Japan be sent to him at once- at the time and place selected by him- "with full information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders."
President Truman summoned a special press conference in the Executive offices at 7 P.M. He handed to the reporters three texts.
The first- the only one he read aloud- was that he had received the Japanese note and deemed it full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, containing no qualification whatsoever; that arrangements for the formal signing of the peace would be made for the "earliest possible moment;" that the Japanese surrender would be made to General MacArthur in his capacity as Supreme Allied Commander in Chief; that Allied military commanders had been instructed to cease hostilities, but that the formal proclamation of V. J. Day must await the formal signing.
The text ended with the Japanese note in which the Four Powers (the United States, Great Britain, China, and Russia) were officially informed that the Emperor of Japan had issued an imperial rescript of surrender, was prepared to guarantee the necessary signatures to the terms as prescribed by the Allies, and had instructed all his commanders to cease active operations to surrender all arms and to disband all forces under their control and within their reach.
The President's second announcement was that he had instructed the Selective Service to reduce the monthly military draft from 80,000 to 50,000 men, permitting a constant flow of replacements for the occupation forces and other necessary military units, with the draft held to low-age groups and first discharges given on the basis of long, arduous and faithful war service. He said he hoped to release 5,000,000 to 5,500,000 men in the subsequent year or eighteen months, the ratio governed in some degree by transportation facilities and the world situation.
The President's final announcement was to decree holidays tomorrow and Thursday for all Federal workers, who, he said, were the "hardest working and perhaps the least appreciated" by the public of all who had helped to wage the war.
Mr. Truman spoke calmly to the reporters, but when he had finished reading his face broke into a smile. Also present were Secretary of State James F. Byrnes and Admiral William D. Leahy, the President's personal Chief of Staff, and two other members of the Cabinet- Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Commerce, and James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy- managed to respond to a hurry call in time to be there. The agreement to issue the statements simultaneously in all the Allied capitals, and the brief period between the call to the Cabinet and the announcement, were responsible. Later the chief war administrators and Cordell Hull, former Secretary of State, arrived to congratulate the President.
President Addresses Crowd
After the press conference, while usually bored Washington launched upon a noisy victory demonstration, the President with Mrs. Truman walked out to the fountain in the White House grounds that face on Pennsylvania Avenue and made the V sign to the shouting crowds.
But this did not satisfy the growing assemblage, or probably the President either, for, in response to clamor, he came back and made a speech from the north portico, in which he said that the present emergency was as great as that of Pearl Harbor Day and must and would be met in the same spirit. Later in the evening he appeared to the crowds and spoke again.
He then returned to the executive mansion to begin work, at once on problems of peace, including domestic ones affecting reconversion, unemployment, wage-and-hour scales and industrial cut-backs, which are more complex and difficult than any he has faced and call for plans and measures that were necessarily held in abeyance by the exacting fact of war.
But certain immediate steps to deal with these problems and restore peacetime conditions were taken or announced as follows:
1. The War Manpower Commission abolished all controls, effective immediately, creating a free labor market for the first time in three years. The commission also set up a plan to help displaced workers and veterans find jobs.
2. The Navy canceled nearly $6,000,000,000 of prime contracts.
The Japanese offer to surrender, confirmed by the note received through Switzerland today, came in the week after the United States Air Forces obliterated Hiroshima with the first atomic bomb in history and the Union of Soviet Republics declared war on Japan. At the time the document was received in Washington, Russian armies were pushing back the Japanese armies in Asia and on Sukhalin Island, and the Army and Navy of the United States with their air forces- aided by the British- were relentlessly bombarding the home islands.
When the President made his announcements tonight it was three years and 250 days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which put the United States at war with Japan. This was followed immediately by the declarations of war on this country by Germany and Italy, the other Axis partners, which engaged the United States in the global conflict that now, in its military phases, is wholly won.
If the note had not come today the President was ready though reluctant to give the order that would have spread throughout Japan the hideous death and destruction that are the toll of the atomic bomb.
Officially the Japanese note was a response to the communicator to Tokyo, written on behalf of the Allies Aug. 11 by Secretary Byrnes, which was itself a reply to a Japanese offer on Aug. 10 to surrender on the understanding of the Japanese Government that the Potsdam Declaration did not "prejudice the prerogatives" of the Emperor of Japan as its "sovereign ruler."
Plan on the Emperor
Mr. Byrnes wrote, in effect, that the Japanese might keep their Emperor if they chose to do so of their own free-will, but that he would be placed under the authority of the Allied Commander-in-Chief in Tokyo and would be responsible to that commander for his official and public activities.
Relief rather than jubilation that the grim and costly task of conquering the Axis is done was the emotion of the officials, from the President down, who have traversed the long and agonizing road to victory since Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor while Tokyo's "peace" envoys- Admiral Kichisahura Nomura and Ambassador Saburo Kurusu- were still continuing their negotiations with Secretary of State Hull. The road is piled high with the bodies of American soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians who gave their lives that the victory might be attained.
And, in a solemn hour of triumph, the men in Washington that were their military and civilian commanders could not be jubilant in the lasting memory of these human sacrifices. On the contrary, they seemed more than ever resolved to produce a system of world security which for a long time would obviate the necessity of such sacrifices to dictators and aggressive nations; and to impress on the Japanese- as on the Germans- their crimes, nor relax their punishments, until they learn to follow the ways of peace.
Though the victory over the Japanese as well as the Nazis had always seemed assured to the American authorities, it did not become a certainty until the Allies- through United States invention and production, Allied military and scientific skills and the fortitude of the British, Chinese, Russian and American populations- were able to change from defense to attack. This change, so far as the Pacific was concerned, came after the Battle of Midway gathered force after the actions of the Coral Sea and the Philippines and came to crescendo with the captures of Saipan, Iwo Island and Okinawa, the perfection of radar and the discovery and use of the atomic bomb. But before these successes the story was very different.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor found the Pacific Fleet divided, half of it crowded in the roadstead, the other half dispatched for Atlantic service for reasons of policy. These reasons grew out of President Roosevelt's decision that the Nazi menace required the fleet diversion to the Atlantic for immediate national defense, and out of his belief that, as he expressed it, he could "baby along Japan." This latter view was the foundation of the underlying policy by which the United States continued to furnish Japan with scrap iron, petrol, ant other materials transferable to war uses long after Japan by many officials was conceded to be bent on hemispheric and eventual world-wide aggression.
（クリックすると拡大します） しかし勝った米国の、8月14日のニューヨークタイムズ記事では「Japan Surrenders, End of War! 」って書いていて、「End of War! 」、終戦って言葉を使っています。まあ、見出し全体や記事本文では自分たちが勝ったとは言っているのですが、「勝つには勝ったが、終わってよかったよ」って感じが「End of War! 」のところににじみ出ています。国民や読者の声を率直に代弁したのでしょう。
勝ってる米国でさえ「End of War! 」と喜んでいるのに、我々日本人が「戦争が終わった＝終戦」と喜ぶ事に何の不都合やある。
As a citizen of the United States of America I want to express to you tonight my sorrow and regret for the pain and sufferring caused by the cruel and unneccessary atomic bombing of your cities. I belive it was wrong; morally wrong. Just as wrong as the holocaust. It was a crime not just against history but against humanity. I walked in the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and photographed the children, the women, the elderly, the mutilated and disfigured. The victims who suffered and died like no other people in the history of the world. Now, fifty years later I pledge to you that I will not forget waht I saw. We owe it to those who died to keep their memory alive. Give their tragic deaths honor by remembering them. Let them teach us how to respect life. For them I will continue to speak out and tell the world what it was like in Japan, 1945. My exhibit will continue to be seen for we cannot, we must not, let any one country become the victim or attacher again. No more Hiroshimas! No more Pearl Harbors! No more Nagasakis! NO MORE! For peace is the future and without peace there will be no future.
Japan Told to Order End of Hostilities, Notify Allied Supreme Commander and Send Emissaries to Him
MacArthur To Receive Surrender
Formal Proclamation of V-J Day Awaits Signing of Those Articles -- Cease-Fire Order Given to the Allied Forces
By ARTHUR KROCK
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES
RELATED HEADLINES
All City 'Lets Go': Hundreds of Thousands Roar Joy After Victory Flash Is Received: Times Sq. Is Jammed: Police Estimate Crowd in Area at 2,000,000 -- Din Overwhelming
Terms Will Reduce Japan to Kingdom Perry Visited
Hirohito on Radio; Minister Ends Life
Two-Day Holiday Is Proclaimed; Stores, Banks Close Here Today
MacArthur Begins Orders to Hirohito
OTHER HEADLINES
Our Manpower Curbs Voided: Hiring Made Local: Communities, Labor and Management Will Unite Efforts: 6,000,000 Affected: Draft Quotas Cut, Services to Drop 5,500,000 in 18 Months
Third Fleet Fells 5 Planes Since End
Secrets of Radar Given to World
Petain Convicted, Sentenced to Die: Jurors Recommend Clemency Because of His Age -- Long Indictment Upheld
Treaty With China Signed in Moscow: Complete Agreement Reached With Chungking on All Points at Issue, Russians Say
Cruiser Sunk, 1,196 Casualties; Took Atom Bomb Cargo to Guam
Washington, Aug. 14 -- Japan today unconditionally surrendered the hemispheric empire taken by force and held almost intact for more than two years against the rising power of the United States and its Allies in the Pacific war.
The bloody dream of the Japanese military caste vanished in the text of a note to the Four Powers accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945, which amplified the Cairo Declaration of 1943.
Like the previous items in the surrender correspondence, today's Japanese document was forwarded through the Swiss Foreign Office at Berne and the Swiss Legation in Washington. The note of total capitulation was delivered to the State Department by the Legation Charge d'Affaires at 6:10 P. M., after the third and most anxious day of waiting on Tokyo, the anxiety intensified by several premature or false reports of the finale of World War II.
Orders Given to the Japanese
The Department responded with a note to Tokyo through the same channel, ordering the immediate end of hostilities by the Japanese, requiring that the Supreme Allied Commander- who, the President announced, will be Gen. Douglas MacArthur- be notified of the date and hour of the order, and instructing that emissaries of Japan be sent to him at once- at the time and place selected by him- "with full information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders."
President Truman summoned a special press conference in the Executive offices at 7 P.M. He handed to the reporters three texts.
The first- the only one he read aloud- was that he had received the Japanese note and deemed it full acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, containing no qualification whatsoever; that arrangements for the formal signing of the peace would be made for the "earliest possible moment;" that the Japanese surrender would be made to General MacArthur in his capacity as Supreme Allied Commander in Chief; that Allied military commanders had been instructed to cease hostilities, but that the formal proclamation of V. J. Day must await the formal signing.
The text ended with the Japanese note in which the Four Powers (the United States, Great Britain, China, and Russia) were officially informed that the Emperor of Japan had issued an imperial rescript of surrender, was prepared to guarantee the necessary signatures to the terms as prescribed by the Allies, and had instructed all his commanders to cease active operations to surrender all arms and to disband all forces under their control and within their reach.
The President's second announcement was that he had instructed the Selective Service to reduce the monthly military draft from 80,000 to 50,000 men, permitting a constant flow of replacements for the occupation forces and other necessary military units, with the draft held to low-age groups and first discharges given on the basis of long, arduous and faithful war service. He said he hoped to release 5,000,000 to 5,500,000 men in the subsequent year or eighteen months, the ratio governed in some degree by transportation facilities and the world situation.
The President's final announcement was to decree holidays tomorrow and Thursday for all Federal workers, who, he said, were the "hardest working and perhaps the least appreciated" by the public of all who had helped to wage the war.
Mr. Truman spoke calmly to the reporters, but when he had finished reading his face broke into a smile. Also present were Secretary of State James F. Byrnes and Admiral William D. Leahy, the President's personal Chief of Staff, and two other members of the Cabinet- Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Commerce, and James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy- managed to respond to a hurry call in time to be there. The agreement to issue the statements simultaneously in all the Allied capitals, and the brief period between the call to the Cabinet and the announcement, were responsible. Later the chief war administrators and Cordell Hull, former Secretary of State, arrived to congratulate the President.
President Addresses Crowd
After the press conference, while usually bored Washington launched upon a noisy victory demonstration, the President with Mrs. Truman walked out to the fountain in the White House grounds that face on Pennsylvania Avenue and made the V sign to the shouting crowds.
But this did not satisfy the growing assemblage, or probably the President either, for, in response to clamor, he came back and made a speech from the north portico, in which he said that the present emergency was as great as that of Pearl Harbor Day and must and would be met in the same spirit. Later in the evening he appeared to the crowds and spoke again.
He then returned to the executive mansion to begin work, at once on problems of peace, including domestic ones affecting reconversion, unemployment, wage-and-hour scales and industrial cut-backs, which are more complex and difficult than any he has faced and call for plans and measures that were necessarily held in abeyance by the exacting fact of war.
But certain immediate steps to deal with these problems and restore peacetime conditions were taken or announced as follows:
1. The War Manpower Commission abolished all controls, effective immediately, creating a free labor market for the first time in three years. The commission also set up a plan to help displaced workers and veterans find jobs.
2. The Navy canceled nearly $6,000,000,000 of prime contracts.
The Japanese offer to surrender, confirmed by the note received through Switzerland today, came in the week after the United States Air Forces obliterated Hiroshima with the first atomic bomb in history and the Union of Soviet Republics declared war on Japan. At the time the document was received in Washington, Russian armies were pushing back the Japanese armies in Asia and on Sukhalin Island, and the Army and Navy of the United States with their air forces- aided by the British- were relentlessly bombarding the home islands.
When the President made his announcements tonight it was three years and 250 days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, which put the United States at war with Japan. This was followed immediately by the declarations of war on this country by Germany and Italy, the other Axis partners, which engaged the United States in the global conflict that now, in its military phases, is wholly won.
If the note had not come today the President was ready though reluctant to give the order that would have spread throughout Japan the hideous death and destruction that are the toll of the atomic bomb.
Officially the Japanese note was a response to the communicator to Tokyo, written on behalf of the Allies Aug. 11 by Secretary Byrnes, which was itself a reply to a Japanese offer on Aug. 10 to surrender on the understanding of the Japanese Government that the Potsdam Declaration did not "prejudice the prerogatives" of the Emperor of Japan as its "sovereign ruler."
Plan on the Emperor
Mr. Byrnes wrote, in effect, that the Japanese might keep their Emperor if they chose to do so of their own free-will, but that he would be placed under the authority of the Allied Commander-in-Chief in Tokyo and would be responsible to that commander for his official and public activities.
Relief rather than jubilation that the grim and costly task of conquering the Axis is done was the emotion of the officials, from the President down, who have traversed the long and agonizing road to victory since Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor while Tokyo's "peace" envoys- Admiral Kichisahura Nomura and Ambassador Saburo Kurusu- were still continuing their negotiations with Secretary of State Hull. The road is piled high with the bodies of American soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians who gave their lives that the victory might be attained.
And, in a solemn hour of triumph, the men in Washington that were their military and civilian commanders could not be jubilant in the lasting memory of these human sacrifices. On the contrary, they seemed more than ever resolved to produce a system of world security which for a long time would obviate the necessity of such sacrifices to dictators and aggressive nations; and to impress on the Japanese- as on the Germans- their crimes, nor relax their punishments, until they learn to follow the ways of peace.
Though the victory over the Japanese as well as the Nazis had always seemed assured to the American authorities, it did not become a certainty until the Allies- through United States invention and production, Allied military and scientific skills and the fortitude of the British, Chinese, Russian and American populations- were able to change from defense to attack. This change, so far as the Pacific was concerned, came after the Battle of Midway gathered force after the actions of the Coral Sea and the Philippines and came to crescendo with the captures of Saipan, Iwo Island and Okinawa, the perfection of radar and the discovery and use of the atomic bomb. But before these successes the story was very different.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor found the Pacific Fleet divided, half of it crowded in the roadstead, the other half dispatched for Atlantic service for reasons of policy. These reasons grew out of President Roosevelt's decision that the Nazi menace required the fleet diversion to the Atlantic for immediate national defense, and out of his belief that, as he expressed it, he could "baby along Japan." This latter view was the foundation of the underlying policy by which the United States continued to furnish Japan with scrap iron, petrol, ant other materials transferable to war uses long after Japan by many officials was conceded to be bent on hemispheric and eventual world-wide aggression.
写真２：黒い焦げ跡。事故現場近くの傾斜地にてS氏撮影 直径1m程度の真円。 地中数10cm深く掘り進んでも炭化の状況は変わらず そばに寄ると強いめまい 現場周辺に複数の同様の焦げ跡 ADGRAVATA AUTEM EST MANUS DOMINI SUPER AZOTIOS ET DEMOLITUS EST EOS ET PERCUSSIT IN SECRETIORI PARTE NATIUM AZOTUM ET FINES EIUS
写真３：事故現場で見つかったバナジウムを多量に含む金属片 POSUIT QUOQUE IDOLUM LUCI QUEM FECERAT IN TEMPLO DOMINI
写真４：事故現場で見つかった特殊な部品 AMEN AMEN DICO VOBIS ANTEQUAM ABRAHAM FIERET EGO SUM
スパムメールの中から見つけ出すためにメールのタイトルには必ず「阿修羅さんへ」と記述してください。